writing
1
(=handwriting) letra f
I can't read your writing no entiendo tu letra
2
(=system) escritura f
before the invention of writing antes de la invención de la escritura
3
(=letters, words)
there was some writing on the page había algo escrito en la página
I could see the writing but couldn't read it podía ver que había algo escrito pero no podía leerlo
in writing por escrito
I'd like to have that in writing me gustaría tenerlo por escrito
to put sth in writing poner algo por escrito
IDIOMS to see the writing on the wall vérsela venir *
he had seen the writing on the wall vio lo que se le venía encima *
the writing is on the wall for the president/the company el presidente/la compañia tiene los días contados
4
(=written work)
the essay contains some imaginative writing el ensayo tiene secciones redactadas con imaginación
Aubrey's biographical writings las obras biográficas de Aubrey
it's a brilliant piece of writing está maravillosamente escrito
5
(=activity) escritura f
writing is his hobby su hobby es la escritura, su hobby es escribir
he earns quite a lot from writing gana bastante escribiendo
a course in novel writing un curso sobre redacción de novelas
b cpd ♦
writing case n estuche m para material de correspondencia ♦
writing desk n escritorio m ♦
writing materials npl artículos mpl de escritorio ♦
writing pad n bloc m ♦
writing paper n papel m de escribir ♦
writing table n escritorio m
Essay writing →
Redacción
El argumento en líneas generales
Para introducir un tema
De manera impersonal
* It is often said o claimed that teenagers get pregnant in order to get council accommodation se suele afirmar que
* It is a cliché o a commonplace (to say) that American accents are infinitely more glamorous than their British counterparts es un tópico (decir) que
* It is undeniably true that Gormley helped to turn his union members into far more sophisticated workers es innegable que
* It is a well-known fact that in this age of technology, it is computer screens which are responsible for many illnesses es un hecho de sobra conocido que
* It is sometimes forgotten that much Christian doctrine comes from Judaism a veces se olvida que
* It would be naïve to suppose that in a radically changing world these 50-year-old arrangements can survive sería ingenuo suponer que
* It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that the friendship of both of them with Britten was among the most creative in the composer's life se puede decir sin temor a exagerar que
* It is hard to open a newspaper nowadays without reading that TV is going to destroy reading and that electronic technology has made the written word obsolete hoy en día resulta difícil abrir un periódico en el que no leamos que
* First of all, it is important to try to understand some of the systems and processes involved in order to create a healthier body en primer lugar, es importante intentar comprender
* It is in the nature of sociological theory to make broad generalizations about such things as the evolution of society es un rasgo característico de
* It is often the case that early interests lead on to a career suele suceder que
De manera personal
* By way of introduction, let me summarize the background to this question a modo de introducción, voy a
* I would like to start with a very sweeping statement which can be easily challenged comenzaré con
* Before going specifically into the issue of criminal law, I wish first to summarize how Gewirth derives his principles of morality and justice antes de entrar en el tema concreto de ... quisiera resumir
* Let us look at what self-respect in your job actually means examinemos
* We commonly think of people as isolated individuals but, in fact, few of us ever spend more than an hour or two of our waking hours alone normalmente consideramos a ... como
* What we are mainly concerned with here is the conflict between what the hero says and what he actually does nuestra principal preocupación aquí es
* We live in a world in which the word "equality" is liberally bandied about en el mundo en que vivimos
Para incluir conceptos y problemas
* The concept of controlling harmful insects by genetic means isn't new el concepto de
* The idea of getting rich without too much effort has universal appeal la idea de
* The question of whether Hamlet was really insane has long occupied critics que ... es una cuestión que
* Why they were successful where their predecessors had failed is a question that has been much debated es una cuestión muy debatida
* One of the most striking aspects of this issue is the way (in which) it arouses strong emotions uno de los aspectos más notables de este tema
* There are a number of issues on which China and Britain openly disagree hay una serie de puntos
Para hacer generalizaciones
* People who work outside the home tend to believe that parenting is an easy option la gente que ... tiende a creer que
* There's always a tendency for people to exaggerate their place in the world hay una tendencia entre la gente a
* Many gardeners have a tendency to treat plants like humans tienen tendencia a
* Viewed psychologically, it would seem that we all have the propensity for such traits todos somos propensos a
* For the (vast) majority of people, literature is a subject which is studied at school but which has no relevance to life as they know it para la (inmensa) mayoría de la gente
* For most of us, housework is a necessary but boring task para la mayoría de nosotros
* History provides numerous examples o instances of misguided national heroes who did more harm than good in the long run aporta numerosos ejemplos
Para ser más preciso
* The impact of these theories on the social sciences, and economics in particular, was extremely significant en concreto
* One particular issue raised by Butt was, suppose Hughes at the time of his conviction had been old enough to be hanged, what would have happened? un punto en concreto
* A more specific point relates to using this insight as a way of challenging our hidden assumptions about reality un aspecto más concreto
* More specifically, he accuses Western governments of continuing to supply weapons and training to the rebels más en concreto
Para presentar una tesis
Para introducirla
* First of all, let us consider the advantages of urban life en primer lugar, consideremos
* Let us begin with an examination of the social aspects of this question comencemos con un examen de
* The first thing that needs to be said is that the author is presenting a one-sided view lo primero que hay que decir es que
* What should be established at the very outset is that we are dealing here with a practical issue rather than a philosophical one antes de nada debemos dejar claro que
Para delimitar el debate
* In the next section, I will pursue the question of whether the expansion of the Dutch prison system can be explained by Box's theory en la próxima sección me centraré en la cuestión de
* I will then deal with the question of whether or not the requirements for practical discourse are compatible with criminal procedure a continuación me ocuparé de la cuestión de
* We must distinguish between the psychic and the spiritual, and we shall see how the subtle level of consciousness is the basis for the spiritual level veremos cómo
* I will confine myself to giving an account of certain decisive facts in my militant career with Sartre me limitaré a
* In this chapter, I shall largely confine myself to a consideration of those therapeutic methods that use visualization as a part of their procedures me limitaré en gran medida a
* We will not concern ourselves here with the Christian legend of St James no nos vamos a ocupar aquí de
* Let us now consider to what extent the present municipal tribunals differ from the former popular tribunals in the above-mentioned points pasemos a considerar ahora
* Let us now look at the ideal types of corporatism that neocorporatist theorists developed to clarify the concept pasemos a examinar
Para exponer los puntos
* The main issue under discussion is how the party should re-define itself if it is to play any future role in Hungarian politics el principal punto de debate es
* A second, related problem is that business ethics has mostly concerned itself with grand theorizing otro problema relacionado con esto es
* The basic issue at stake is this: is research to be judged by its value in generating new ideas? el punto básico en cuestión es éste:
* An important aspect of Milton's imagery is the play of light and shade un aspecto importante de ... es
* It is worth mentioning here that when this was first translated, the opening reference to Heidegger was entirely deleted cabe mencionar aquí que
* Finally, there is the argument that watching too much television may stunt a child's imagination por último, está el argumento de que
Para poner un argumento en duda
* World leaders appear to be taking a tough stand, but is there any real substance in what's been agreed? ¿se ha decidido algo concreto?
* This is a question which merits close(r) examination merece un estudio (más) detallado
* The unity of the two separate German states has raised fundamental questions for Germany's neighbours ha planteado interrogantes fundamentales para
* The failure to protect our fellow Europeans in Bosnia raises fundamental questions on the role of the armed forces plantea problemas fundamentales sobre
* This raises once again the question of whether a government's right to secrecy should override the public's right to know ... lo que plantea, una vez más, la cuestión de
* This poses the question of whether these measures are really helping the people they were intended to help la cuestión que esto plantea es
Para ofrecer un análisis de la cuestión
* It is interesting to consider why this scheme has been so successful es interesante examinar porqué
* On the question of whether civil disobedience is likely to help end the war, Chomsky is deliberately diffident en lo que concierne a
* We are often faced with the choice between our sense of duty and our own personal inclinations solemos vernos ante la necesidad de escoger entre ... y
* When we speak of realism in music, we do not at all have in mind the illustrative bases of music al hablar de ..., no tenemos presente en absoluto
* It is reasonable to assume that most people living in industrialized societies are to some extent contaminated by environmental poisons está dentro de lo razonable suponer que
Para aportar un argumento
* An argument in support of this approach is that it produces ... un argumento a favor de ... es que
* In support of his theory, Dr Gold notes that most oil contains higher-than-atmospheric concentrations of helium-3 para apoyar su teoría
* This is the most telling argument in favour of an extension of the right to vote éste es el argumento más convincente a favor de
* The second reason for advocating this course of action is that it benefits the community at large la segunda razón para mostrarse partidario de ... es que
* The third, more fundamental, reason for looking to the future is that even the angriest investors realize they need a successful market la tercera razón, más fundamental, para ... es que
* Despite communism's demise, confidence in capitalism seems to be at an all-time low. The fundamental reason for this contradiction seems to me quite simple la razón fundamental de
Para presentar una antítesis
Para criticar u oponerse a algo
* In actual fact, the idea of there being a rupture between a socalled old criminology and an emergent new criminology is somewhat misleading de hecho, la idea de ... es en cierto modo engañoso
* In order to argue this, I will show that Wyeth's position is, in actual fact, untenable voy a demostrar que la postura de ... es ... insostenible
* It is claimed, however, that the strict Leboyer method is not essential for a less traumatic birth experience se afirma, sin embargo,
* This need not mean that we are destined to suffer for ever. Indeed, the opposite may be true esto no significa que .... De hecho quizá sea lo contrario
* Many observers, though, find it difficult to share his opinion that it could mean the end of the Tamil Tigers les resulta difícil compartir su opinión de que
* On the other hand, there are more important factors that should be taken into consideration por otra parte
* The judgement made may well be true but the evidence given to sustain it is unlikely to convince the sceptical bien puede ser cierto pero
* Reform is all very well, but it is pointless if the rules are not enforced está muy bien, pero
* The case against the use of drugs in sport rests primarily on the argument that .... This argument is weak, for two reasons este argumento carece de solidez
* According to one theory, the ancestors of vampire bats were fruiteating bats. But this idea does not hold water esta idea no se sostiene
* Their claim to be a separate race does not stand up to historical scrutiny no resiste
* This view does not stand up if we examine the known facts about John esta opinión no se sostiene
* The trouble with this idea is not that it is wrong, but rather that it is uninformative el problema no es que esta idea ... sino que
* The difficulty with this view is that he bases the principle on a false premise el problema que plantea esta opinión radica en que
* The snag with such speculations is that too much turns on one man or event la pega de ... es que
* But removing healthy ovaries is entirely unjustified in my opinion no tiene, en mi opinión, justificación alguna
Para proponer una alternativa
* Another approach may be to develop substances capable of blocking the effects of the insect's immune system otro planteamiento posible es
* Another way to reduce failure is to improve vocational education otra forma de
* However, the other side of the coin is the fact that an improved self-image really can lead to prosperity sin embargo, la otra cara de la moneda es
* It is more accurate to speak of a plurality of new criminologies rather than of a single new criminology es más preciso hablar de
* Paradoxical as it may seem, computer models of mind can be positively humanizing aunque parezca paradójico
Para presentar la síntesis argumental
Para evaluar los argumentos expuestos
* How can we reconcile these two apparently contradictory viewpoints? ¿cómo reconciliar ...?
* On balance, making money honestly is more profitable than making it dishonestly al fin y al cabo
* Since such vitamins are more expensive, one has to weigh up the pros and cons hay que sopesar los pros y los contras
* We need to look at the pros and cons of normative theory as employed by Gewirth and Phillips es necesario examinar los pros y contras de
* The benefits of partnership in a giant trading market will almost certainly outweigh the disadvantages los beneficios de ... pesarán más que los inconvenientes
* The two perspectives are not mutually exclusive las dos perspectivas no se excluyen mutuamente
Para decantarse por uno de los argumentos
* Dr Meaden's theory is the most convincing explanation es la explicación más convincente
* The truth o fact of the matter is that in a free society you can't turn every home into a fortress lo cierto es que
* But the truth is that Father Christmas has a rather mixed origin lo cierto es que
* Although this operation sounds extremely dangerous, in actual fact it is extremely safe en realidad
* When all is said and done, it must be acknowledged that a purely theoretical approach to social issues is sterile a fin de cuentas, se debe reconocer que
Para resumir los argumentos
* In this chapter, I have demonstrated o shown that the Cuban alternative has been undergoing considerable transformations he demostrado que
* This shows how, in the final analysis, adhering to a particular theory on crime is at best a matter of reasoned choice esto demuestra cómo
* The overall picture shows that prison sentences were relatively frequent, but not particularly severe la visión de conjunto demuestra que
* To recap o To sum up, then, (we may conclude that) there are in effect two possible solutions to this problem en resumen, (se puede concluir que)
* To sum up this chapter I will offer two examples ... para resumir este capítulo
* To summarize, we have seen that the old staple industries in Britain had been hit after the First World War by a deteriorating international competitive position en resumen
* Habermas's argument, in a nutshell, is as follows en suma
* But the key to the whole argument is a single extraordinary paragraph la clave del problema ... se encuentra en
* To round off this section on slugs, gardeners may be interested to hear that there are three species of predatory slugs in the British Isles para terminar esta sección sobre
Para extraer conclusiones
* From all this, it follows that it is impossible to extend those kinds of security measures to all potential targets of terrorism de todo esto se deduce que
* This, of course, leads to the logical conclusion that those who actually produce do have a claim to the results of their efforts nos lleva a la conclusión lógica de que
* There is only one logical conclusion we can reach, which is that we ask our customers what is the Strategic Reality that they perceive in our marketing programme sólo podemos llegar a una conclusión lógica
* The inescapable conclusion is that the criminal justice system does not simply reflect the reality of crime; it helps create it la conclusión ineludible es que
* We must conclude that there is no solution to the problem of defining crime debemos decir, a modo de conclusión, que
* In conclusion, because interpersonal relationships are so complex, there can be no easy way of preventing conflict en conclusión
* The upshot of all this is that treatment is unlikely to be available la consecuencia de todo esto es que
* So it would appear that butter is not significantly associated with heart disease after all parece, pues, que
* This only goes to show that a good man is hard to find esto demuestra
* The lesson to be learned from this is that you cannot hope to please everyone all of the time la lección que se puede aprender es
* At the end of the day, the only way the drug problem will be beaten is when people are encouraged not to take them al fin y al cabo
* Ultimately, then, while we may have some sympathy for these young criminals, we must do our utmost to protect society from them en definitiva
La estructura del párrafo
Para añadir información
* In addition, the author does not really empathize with his hero además
* This award-winning writer, in addition to being a critic, biographer and poet, has written 26 crime novels además de ser
* But this is only part of the picture. Added to this are fears that a major price increase would cause riots hay que añadir
* An added complication is that the characters are not aware of their relationship to one another una ... más es
* Also, there is the question of language además
* The question also arises as to how this idea can be put into practice también se plantea la cuestión de
* Politicians, as well as academics and educationalists, tend to feel strongly about the way history is taught al igual que
* But, over and above that, each list contains fictitious names and addresses además de eso
* Furthermore, ozone is, like carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas además
Para comparar
* Compared with the heroine, Alison is an insipid character comparada con
* In comparison with the Czech Republic, the culture of Bulgaria is less westernized en comparación con
* This is a high percentage for the English Midlands but low by comparison with some other parts of Britain si se compara con
* On the one hand, there is no longer a Warsaw Pact threat. On the other (hand), the positive changes could have negative side-effects por una parte ... por otra
* Similarly, a good historian is not obsessed by dates del mismo modo
* There can only be one total at the bottom of a column of figures and likewise only one solution to any problem del mismo modo
* What others say of us will translate into reality. Equally, what we affirm as true of ourselves will likewise come true de igual manera
* There will now be a change in the way we are regarded by our partners, and, by the same token, the way we regard them del mismo modo
* There is a fundamental difference between adequate nutrient intake and optimum nutrient intake hay una diferencia fundamental entre ... y
Para unir dos elementos
* First of all o Firstly, I would like to outline the benefits of the system en primer lugar
* In music we are concerned first and foremost with the practical application of controlled sounds relating to the human psyche ante todo
* In order to understand the conflict between the two nations, it is first of all necessary to know something of the history of the area para comprender ... es necesario ante todo
* Secondly, it might be simpler to develop chemical or even nuclear warheads for a large shell than for a missile en segundo lugar
* In the first/second/third place, the objectives of privatization were contradictory en primer/segundo/tercer lugar
* Finally, there is the argument that watching too much television may stunt a child's imagination por último
Para expresar una opinión personal
* In my opinion, the government is underestimating the scale of the epidemic en mi opinión
* My personal opinion is that the argument lacks depth mi opinión personal es que
* This is a popular viewpoint, but speaking personally, I cannot understand it yo personalmente
* Personally, I think that no one can appreciate ethnicity more than black or African people themselves yo personalmente
* For my part, I cannot agree with the leadership on this question por mi parte
* My own view is that what largely determines the use of nonnational workers are economic factors rather than political ones mi opinión personal es que
* In my view, it only perpetuates the very problem that it sets out to address a mi parecer
* Although the author argues the case for patriotism, I feel that he does not do it with any great personal conviction creo que
* I believe that people do understand that there can be no quick fix for Britain's economic problems yo creo que
* It seems to me that what we have is a political problem that needs to be solved at a political level a mi parecer
* I would maintain that we have made a significant effort to ensure that the results are made public yo afirmaría que
Para expresar la opinión de otra persona
* He claims o maintains that intelligence is conditioned by upbringing mantiene que
* Bukharin asserts that all great revolutions are accompanied by destructive internal conflict afirma que
* The communiqué states that some form of nuclear deterrent will continue to be needed for the foreseeable future manifiesta que
* What he is saying is that the time of the old, highly structured political party is over lo que dice es que
* His admirers would have us believe that watching this film is more like attending a church service than having a night at the pictures quieren hacernos creer
* According to the report, poverty creates a climate favourable to violence según
Para dar un ejemplo
* To take another example: many thousands of people have been condemned to a life of sickness and pain because ... para poner otro ejemplo
* Let us consider, for example o for instance, the problems faced by immigrants arriving in a strange country por ejemplo
* His meteoric rise is the most striking example yet of voters' disillusionment with the record of the previous government es el ejemplo más claro de ... hasta ahora
* The case of Henry Howey Robson serves to illustrate the courage exhibited by young men in the face of battle sirve para ilustrar
* Just consider, by way of illustration, the difference in amounts accumulated if interest is paid gross, rather than having tax deducted a modo de ejemplo
* A case in point is the decision to lift the ban on contacts with the republic un ejemplo que viene al caso es
* Take the case of the soldier returning from war tomemos el caso de
* As the Prime Minister remarked recently, the Channel Tunnel will greatly benefit the whole of the European Community tal y como ha señalado ...
Los mecanismos del debate
Para presentar una suposición
* They have telephoned the president to put pressure on him. And that could be interpreted as trying to gain an unconstitutional political advantage y eso se podría interpretar como
* Retail sales rose sharply last month. This was higher than expected and could be taken to mean that inflationary pressures remain strong podría hacernos suponer
* In such circumstances, it might well be prudent to diversify your investments quizá sería prudente
* These substances do not remain effective for very long. This is possibly because they work against the insects' natural instinct to feed posiblemente se deba a que
* His wife had become an embarrassment to him and therefore it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that he may have contemplated murdering her no está fuera de lo posible que
* Mr Fraser's assertion leads one to suppose that he is in full agreement with Catholic teaching as regards marriage nos lleva a suponer
* It is probably the case that all long heavy ships are vulnerable probablemente
* After hearing nothing from the taxman for so long, most people might reasonably assume that their tax affairs were in order podría suponerse lógicamente que
* One could be forgiven for thinking that because the substances are chemicals they'd be easy to study es comprensible que se piense que
* I venture to suggest that very often when people like him talk about love, they actually mean lust me atrevo a sugerir que
Para expresar certeza
→
Certainty
* It is clear that any risk to the human foetus is very low está claro que
* Benn is indisputably a fine orator, one of the most compelling speakers in politics today indiscutiblemente
* British universities are undeniably good, but they are not turning out enough top scientists no se puede negar que
* There can be no doubt that the Earth underwent a dramatic cooling which destroyed the environment and life style of these creatures no cabe duda alguna de que
* It is undoubtedly true that over the years there has been a much greater emphasis on safer sex es indudable que
* As we all know, adultery is far from uncommon, particularly in springtime como todos sabemos
* One thing is certain: the party is far from united lo que es cierto es que
* It is (quite) certain that unless peace can be brought to this troubled land no amount of aid will solve the long-term problems of the people está (muy) claro que
Para expresar dudas
→
Doubt
* It is doubtful whether, in the present repressive climate, anyone would be brave or foolish enough to demonstrate publicly es dudoso que
* It remains to be seen whether the security forces will try to intervene queda por ver si
* I have a few reservations about the book tengo ciertas reservas acerca de
* The judges are expected to endorse the recommendation, but it is by no means certain that they will make up their minds today no hay ninguna seguridad de que
* It is questionable whether media coverage of terrorist organizations actually affects terrorism es discutible que
* This raises the whole question of exactly when men and women should retire esto plantea la cuestión de
* The crisis puts a question mark against the Prime Minister's stated commitment to intervention abre un interrogante acerca de
* Both these claims are true up to a point and they need to be made. But they are limited in their significance ambas afirmaciones son ciertas hasta cierto punto
Para mostrarse de acuerdo
→
Agreement
* I agree wholeheartedly with the opinion that smacking should be outlawed coincido totalmente con
* One must acknowledge that their history will make change more painful hay que reconocer que
* It cannot be denied that there are similarities between the two approaches no se puede negar que
* Courtney - rightly in my view - is strongly critical of the snobbery and élitism that is all too evident in these circles pienso que con toda la razón
* Preaching was considered an important activity, and rightly so in a country with a high illiteracy rate y con mayor razón
* You may dispute the Pope's right to tell people how to live their lives, but it is hard to disagree with his picture of modern society pero es difícil no coincidir con
Para mostrarse en desacuerdo
→
Disagreement
* I must disagree with Gordon's article on criminality: it is dangerous to suggest that to be a criminal one must look like a criminal debo mostrar mi desacuerdo con
* As a former teacher I find it hard to believe that there is no link at all between screen violence and violence on the streets me cuesta creer que
* The strength of their feelings is scarcely credible es poco verosímil
* Her claim to have been the first to discover the phenomenon lacks credibility carece de toda credibilidad
* Nevertheless, I remain unconvinced by Milton ... sigue sin convencerme
* Many do not believe that water contains anything remotely dangerous. Sadly, this is far from the truth dista mucho de ser cierto
* To say that everyone requires the same amount of a vitamin is as stupid as saying we all have blonde hair and blue eyes. It simply isn't true sencillamente no es cierto
* His remarks were not only highly offensive to black and other ethnic minorities but totally inaccurate totalmente erróneos
* Stomach ulcers are often associated with good living and a fastmoving lifestyle. (But) in reality there is no evidence to support this theory pero en realidad
* This version of a political economy does not stand up to close scrutiny no resiste un análisis pormenorizado
Para resaltar uno de los argumentos
* Nowadays, there is clearly less stigma attached to unmarried mothers está claro que hay
* Evidence shows that ..., so once again the facts speak for themselves los hechos hablan por sí solos
* Few will argue with the principle that such a fund should be set up apenas hay quien discuta el principio
* Hyams supports this claim by looking at sentences produced by young children learning German apoya esta afirmación
* The most important thing is to reach agreement from all sides lo más importante es
* Perhaps the most important aspect of cognition is the ability to manipulate symbols el aspecto más importante de
Para destacar un punto en concreto
* It would be impossible to exaggerate the importance of these two volumes for anyone with a serious interest in the development of black gospel music no se puede exagerar la importancia de
* The symbolic importance of Jerusalem for both Palestinians and Jews is almost impossible to overemphasize nunca se insistirá demasiado en
* It is important to be clear that Jesus does not identify himself with Yahweh es importante dejar claro que
* It is significant that Mandalay seems to have become the central focus in this debate resulta revelador que
* It should not be forgotten that many of those now in exile were close to the centre of power until only one year ago no hay que olvidar que
* It should be stressed that the only way pet owners could possibly contract such a condition from their pets is by eating them habría que recalcar que
* There is a very important point here and that is that the accused claims that he was with Ms Martins all evening on the night of the crime lo que resulta importante aquí es que
* At the beginning of his book Mr Stone makes a telling point. The Balkan peoples, he notes, are for the first time ... hace un comentario revelador
* Suspicion is the chief feature of Britain's attitude to European theatre el rasgo primordial de
* In order to focus attention on Hobson's distinctive contributions to macroeconomics, these wider issues are neglected here con objeto de centrarnos en
* These statements are interesting in that they illustrate different views estas afirmaciones son interesantes porque